p align="left">Поэтому каждое государство, ратифицировавшее Конвенцию, должно привести свое законодательство в соответствие с ней. Также оно обязано создать систему обеспечения соблюдения требований данной Конвенции, включая регулярные проверки, представление докладов, мониторинг и правовые процедуры в соответствии с применимым законодательством.

Подтверждается это Свидетельством о соответствии трудовым нормам в морском судоходстве и Декларацию о соблюдении трудовых норм в морском судоходстве, которые бы соответствовали анализируемой Конвенции.

Если судно плавает под флагом государства, которое ратифицировало Конвенцию, то оно может быть в любой момент быть подвергнуто инспекции не только государством флага, но и другим государством-членом, ратифицировавшим Конвенцию, в момент нахождения судна в одном из портов, с целью определения, соблюдаются ли на этом судне требования Конвенции.

Для анализа действий данной Конвенции Административный Совет МОТ создает специальный комитет, который наделяется полномочиями рассмотрения трудовых норм в морском судоходстве.

В комитет входят по два представителя от каждого государства-члена Конвенции, а также представители судовладельцев и моряков, назначаемые Административным советом после консультаций с Паритетной морской комиссией.

Те государства, которые еще не ратифицировали Конвенцию, могут принимать участие в работе комитета, но не имеют права голосовать ни по одному из вопросов.

Требования к труду моряков, предусмотренные в настоящей Конвенции

· Минимальный возраст, который составляет 16 лет, ограничений по максимальному возрасту Конвенция не устанавливает,

· Запрещается труд в ночное время моряков, которым еще не исполнилось 18 лет,

· Если работа может угрожать здоровью или безопасности моряка, то запрещается привлекать к ней лиц, моложе 18 лет,

· Моряки не допускаются к работе на борту судна без медицинского освидетельствования,

· Не допускаются к работе моряки, не прошедшие профессиональную подготовку или не получили диплом (свидетельство), удостоверяющее их компетентность, или иным образом не подтвердившие свою квалификацию, позволяющую им выполнять свои обязанности.

· Службы, занимающиеся трудоустройством моряков и подбором персонала, должны соответствовать требования, предъявляемым к ним анализируемой Конвенцией.

· Если имеются частные организации, занимающиеся трудоустройством моряков и подбором персонала, то они должны в обязательном порядке пройти лицензирование или сертификации, в соответствии с требованиями Конвенции и местным законодательством.

· При этом Конвенция вводит запрет на оплату полностью или частично комиссионных или иных издержек за наем и трудоустройство, либо за предоставление рабочего места, за исключением расходов, которые моряк несет в связи с получением предусмотренного национальным законодательством медицинского свидетельства, национальной книжки моряка и паспорта или других аналогичных личных проездных документов (расходы по оплате виз несет судовладелец),

· Службы трудоустройства должны в обязательном порядке вести и постоянно обновлять список всех моряков, наем и трудоустройство которых были обеспечены ими, этот список должен быть доступен компетентному органу для проверки (список должен содержать: данные о квалификации моряков; данные о стаже работы; персональные данные, касающиеся работы по найму; медицинские данные, относящиеся к работе по найму);

· При подписании договора необходимо отслеживать, чтобы моряки внимательно ознакомились с трудовым договором и понимали свои права и обязанности; чтобы данные трудовые договоры соответствовали законодательству и Конвенции,

· Службы по трудоустройству должны по мере сил и возможностей проверять обладает ли судовладелец средствами для обеспечения защиты моряков от опасности оказаться без средств к существованию в иностранном порту;

· Также службы по трудоустройству должны отслеживать обязательное страхование или иной равнозначной форме в целях компенсации морякам денежного ущерба, который они могут понести в результате невыполнения службой найма и трудоустройства своих обязательств перед моряками или соответствующим судовладельцем своих обязательств перед моряками в соответствии с трудовым договором.

· За всеми службами найма устанавливается строгий надзор. Все лицензии или сертификаты, либо аналогичные формы разрешения на осуществление деятельности служб по трудоустройству предоставляются или возобновляются только после проверки того, что соответствующая служба найма и трудоустройства моряков отвечает требованиям национальных законодательства и нормативных правовых актов.

· Также специально назначенный компетентный орган должен иметь возможность для расследования, в случае необходимости, жалоб, касающихся деятельности служб найма и трудоустройства моряков, с привлечением, в зависимости от обстоятельств, представителей судовладельцев и моряков,

Государство, ратифицировавшее Конвенцию, должно обеспечить возможность своим гражданам ознакомиться с возможными проблемами, связанных с наймом на работу на судне, плавающем под флагом государства, которое не ратифицировало настоящую Конвенцию, пока оно не убедится в том, что применяются нормы, эквивалентные тем, которые устанавливаются в настоящей Конвенции.

Служба набора и трудоустройства моряков, должна охватывать следующие вопросы:

1) медицинское освидетельствование моряков,

2) поддержание и ведение списка моряков,

3) поддержание и обновление списка судов, для которых подбираются моряки,

4) предупреждение возможной эксплуатации моряков,

5) исчерпывающий список затрат, которые являются вероятными для трудоустройства моряков,

6) создание системы информирования моряков о возможном месте работы и о предоставляемых условиях,

7) механизм проверки документов, предоставляемых при трудоустройстве,

8) обеспечение проверки документов и правил внутреннего распорядка на борту судна, куда трудоустраивают моряков.

При этом государства-члены Конвенции должны систематически обмениваться информацией о морской отрасли в целом и о рынке труда, в частности, о развитии морского трудового законодательства, согласовывать политику и законодательство в области найма и трудового законодательства.

Трудовой договор моряка должен содержать:

1) фамилию, имя и отчество моряка, дату его рождения или возраст и место его рождения;

2) имя и адрес судовладельца;

3) место и дату заключения трудового договора моряка;

4) должность, на которую нанимается моряк;

5) размер заработной платы моряка или, там, где это применимо, - формулу, используемую для ее исчисления;

6) размер оплаты ежегодного отпуска или, там, где это применимо, - формулу, используемую для ее исчисления;

7) срок и условия прекращения действия договора, включая:

· если договор заключен на неопределенный срок - условия, дающие

· право любой из сторон расторгнуть его, а также срок для уведомления о

· расторжении при условии, что такой срок не будет более коротким для

· судовладельца, чем для моряка;

· если договор заключен на определенный срок - точную дату

· истечения срока договора; и

· если договор заключен на один рейс - порт назначения и

· время, которое должно истечь по прибытии в порт, прежде чем моряк

· может быть списан с судна;

· медицинское обслуживание и пособия по социальному обеспечению,

· предоставляемые моряку судовладельцем;

· право моряка на репатриацию;

· ссылку на коллективный договор, если это применимо;

· любые другие данные, требуемые в соответствии с национальным законодательством.

Заключение

Таким образом, подводя итог анализа международного законодательства, можно сделать вывод, что главная ценность сводной Конвенции в том, что это единый акт, содержащий все нормы в области социально-трудовых отношений в морском судоходстве. Она представляет собой четкий и всеобъемлющий сборник прав и обязанностей по трудовым и социальным вопросам для всего морского сектора. При этом Конвенция допускает определенную гибкость на национальном уровне в отношении конкретных методов реализации прав моряков.

Требование обязательного соблюдения технических стандартов и обострение международной конкуренции привели к тому, что условия труда моряков стали основным пунктом сравнительного преимущества для большинства судоходных компаний.

Сводная Конвенция охватывает весь спектр социально-трудовых отношений, присущих морскому судоходству. Она устанавливает требования к возрасту, состоянию здоровья и профессиональной подготовке моряка, к его квалификации, к системе набора и трудоустройства, к основным условиям занятости (заработная плата, отпуск, репатриация), к условиям производственной среды, к жилым помещениям и условиям для отдыха на борту судна, к питанию, к столовому, медицинскому и социально-бытовому обслуживанию, к социальному обеспечению.

В Конвенции определены механизмы контроля соблюдения и обеспечения ее выполнения государством флага судна и государством порта в рамках процедур портового контроля.

Единственный минус, который можно сейчас найти - это соотнесение данной Конвенции с национальным законодательством. Но как это будет происходить, покажет только практика.

Список использованной литературы

1. Ayusawa, Iwao Frederick. International Labor Legislation. Clark, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange, 2005.

2. Alcock, Antony E. History of the International Labor Organization. New York: Octagon Books, 1971.

3. Ghebali, Victor Yves. The International Labour Organization: A Case Study on the Evolution of U.N. Specialized Agencies. Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1989.

4. See D. A. Morse, The Origin and Evolution of the I.L.O. and Its Role in the World Community (1969);

5. Jenks C. W. Social Justice and the Law of Nations (1970);

6. Alcock A. E. History of the International Labour Organisation (1971);

7. Ghebali V. Y. The International Labour Organisation (1989);

8. Imber M. The USA, ILO, UNESCO and IAEA (1989).

ILO Maritime Labour Convention

Introduction

Navigation is the most safe and most ecologically harmless form of commercial transportation. Probably, in unique among branches with physical risk, adherence of safety long time was the important question in all deep-water sea transitions of courts. Navigation was among the five first branches which have applied the international standards of safety.

Because of the initially international nature safety of navigation is regulated by various branches of the United Nations, in particular the International sea organisation (IMO) which has developed complete system of regulation of world sea safety.

However, daily work of seamen is always connected with certain risk. Owing to the professional work seamen are one of the most vulnerable groups of workers, therefore they require special protection. First of all it is necessary to carry to negative factors: the raised humidity in tropics, a cold in northern widths, adverse technical factors. Also it is necessary to remember that they are torn off from a family and a firm surface of the earth.

All these factors are identical to seamen of all states. It has served as the reason of creation of the uniform international documents regulating work of seamen which were developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO).

The ILO is special branch of the United Nations Organization. Within the limits of social partnership between employers and hired workers the ILO tries to create the positions satisfying wishes of all parties. On the basis of these the international conventions and recommendations which are obligatory for member countries the ILO are developed. Drawing up of the general documents for the different states is caused, first of all, because professional work of seamen is connected with work on courts of the various states and proceeds in the various countries.

The International organisation of work gives special attention to protection of seamen, as demanding special care and attention.

By this time are developed an order of 30 sea conventions, concerning seamen. In spite of the fact that in each of the convention the valuable legal data contains, they frequently do not correspond each other that causes difficulties in their application. All it does not allow to work to the full to the international labour norms.

Sea-craft, being a vehicle, long time is at a distance from a site of the organisation of sea transport and an overland infrastructure. Besides, work on a sea-craft is connected with cumulative influence on an organism of such production factors as noise, vibration, change of hour and climatic belts, ship rolling, an overheat of premises, constraint of the workplaces, the raised nervously-emotional loading owing to necessity of immediate decision-making, special attention, stressful and extreme situations, a high level of responsibility, etc. a condition of performance of labour function by seamen form the basis for branch differentiation of legal regulation of their work. Objective features of labour relations with participation of seamen generate necessity for an establishment of the special norms regulating work of members of crews of sea-crafts.

ILO

International Labour Organization (ILO) is specialised establishment in United Nations Organization system. The ILO has unique for the United Nations Organization tripartite structure: (employers, workers and the governments).

One of and the most important functions the ILO is acceptance of conventions and the recommendations establishing the international norms, reflecting basic labour human rights, and also features of application of work in separate fields of activity. Recognising special character of work on transport, the ILO gives a great attention to this sphere. It is connected with global character of activity of transport, growth of its role as backbone factor in world economic system, and also considerable influence of the human factor on effective functioning of transport system. First of all, it concerns sea navigation. Therefore among conventions the ILO on separate categories of workers the most part is occupied with the conventions accepted concerning seamen.

The international associations of trade unions actively use the specified norms for protection of the workers, irrespective of a national identity of a vessel and crewmen. A current state of affairs Conventions on work in sea navigation (sea conventions) concerning seamen regulate questions of employment, the minimum norms in a merchant marine fleet, vocational training, the device and admission conditions for work, repatriation, a payment, working hours, safety, medical and consumer services, and also social security.

Each member state the ILO should present all conventions accepted by conference and recommendations to competent national bodies for removal of the decision on measures which should be accepted.

Since 1919 conventions and the recommendations covering almost all questions of work are accepted: the basic labour human rights, and also features of application of work in separate fields of activity and categories of workers.

Recognising special character of work on transport, in the activity the ILO takes away an important place to the international norms regulating this sphere. It is connected with globalisation transport, growth of its role as backbone factor in world economic system, and also considerable influence of reliability of workers (the human factor) on effective functioning of transport system.

Conventions on work in sea navigation regulate questions of employment, the minimum norms in a merchant marine fleet, vocational training, the device and admission conditions for work, repatriation, a payment, working hours, safety, medical and consumer services, and also social security.

Concerning dockers the ILO questions of social consequences of new methods of processing of cargoes in ports, the safety precautions and a factory hygiene on port works, protection against accidents on cargo handling works are regulated.

Repatriation

The problem of maintenance of timely repatriation of seamen is the most actual part of a shared problem of protection of the sociolabor rights of seamen. It is connected with sharp increase in quantity of the sea-crafts floating under so-called «a convenient flag».

On courts under «a convenient flag» the majority of the conflict situations arising because of infringement by ship-owners of the international norms in the field of labour relations is fixed. Trade unions of seamen daily face this problem.

By ratified Convention No 23 about repatriation of seamen it is established that the seaman who has been written off on coast, has the right to be delivered back in the country or in port where it has been employed, or in port from which flight has begun. The seaman should not bear expenses on repatriation if it has been left for the reason for which it does not bear responsibility.

However, the important norm of the Convention is the duty of public authority of that country in which the vessel is registered, to observe of repatriation of any member of team, irrespective of its citizenship, and, if necessary, in the advance payment to pay to it its expenses.

The convention expands sphere of responsibility of authorities for repatriation of the seamen working on courts under with "a convenient flag».

Obligations on repatriation under this Convention arise along with the flag state, also at the states of port and the states of a nationality of seamen.

Article 5 of Convention No 166 establishes that if the ship-owner was not able to organise repatriation or pay expenses for repatriation of the seaman:

- The competent body of the state of a flag will organise and pays expenses for repatriation;

- Expenses on repatriation are subject to deduction from the ship-owner the state in which territory the vessel is registered.

Hiring and employment

Sources of the international labour right or international legal regulation of work are certificates of the United Nations and the ILO, establishing international standards on work regulation. Major of them -- declarations, pacts, the conventions of the United Nations fixing some principles of legal regulation of work and the basic labour rights. The United Nations great attention gives to sociolabor questions. In their development the ILO accepts conventions and recommendations about work problems. But the ILO as specialised concerning work the international organisation can accept conventions and recommendations and about other questions of the work which has been not provided in certificates of the United Nations. Certificates the ILO and the United Nations together make the International code of work as a legal international basis for the edition of national norms of the labour legislation. (But it is necessary to notice that from 300 international certificates about work by Russia are ratified less than 50). All sources of international legal regulation of work have contractual character.

Accepts these certificates the supreme body the ILO -- the General conference (assembly) gathering annually in Geneva. It is constructed by a principle tripartism (i.e. Two representatives from the government of member country the ILO and on one -- from workers and the employers, all four representatives vote independently).

Let's specify in the major sources of the international labour right accepted by the United Nations, and their maintenance.

The United Nations charter in item 55 provides that United Nations activity promotes increase of a standard of living, a full employment of the population and conditions of economic and social progress and development.

In “the General declaration of human rights”, the General assembly of the United Nations accepted in 1948, provides the basic labour human rights, the right to effective restoration of the broken rights (item 8), the right to formation, including on popular technical and professional, including the higher (item 20). In item 23 very important human rights are fixed: the right to work, a free choice of work, fair and favorable working conditions and on protection against unemployment; on equal payment for equal work without any discrimination; on the fair and satisfactory compensation providing worthy existence for the worker and his family and supplemented if necessary and other means of social security; the right to create trade unions and to enter into trade unions for protection of the interests.

The declaration fixes a right to rest, specifying that “each person has the right to rest and leisure, including the right to reasonable restriction of the working day and to paid periodic holiday”.

All labour rights of the General declaration of human rights it is more developed the United Nations in 1966 in the International pact about the economic, social and cultural rights are fixed, the part of III which is devoted the sociolabor rights. And unlike the Declaration which is not subject to ratification by the states, the International pact of the United Nations is subject to ratification by the states joining it.

The international pact about the economic, social and cultural rights contains the basic international labour rights in item 2-15 and specifies in realisation of the proclaimed rights without any discrimination on race, colour of a skin, a floor, language, religion, to political and other belief, national or to a social origin, a property status, a birth or other circumstances (item 2), on maintenance equal for men and women of the right to have the economic, social and cultural rights. Article 6 of the given Pact provides that the states participating in him “recognise the right to the work, including right of each person to possibility reception to earn to itself on a life work which he freely chooses or on which freely agrees. In it measures which should be accepted the states participating in the Pact with a view of full realisation of this right are provided also: Programs of professional training and preparation, way and methods of achievement of steady economic, social and cultural development and full productive employment in the conditions guaranteeing basic political and economic freedom. Article 7 of the Pact of the United Nations of 1966 provides the right of everyone to fair and favorable working conditions, including in particular:

a) the compensation providing, at least, with all worker:

-- The fair salary and equal compensation for work of equal value without any distinction, and, in particular, to women working conditions not worse what men with equal payment for equal work use should be guaranteed;

-- Satisfactory existence for them and their families according to decisions of the present Pact;

b) the working conditions which are meeting the requirements of safety and hygiene;

c) possibility of advancement identical to all on work on corresponding higher steps it is exclusive on the basis of the seniority and qualification;

d) rest, leisure both reasonable restriction of working hours and paid periodic holiday, no less than compensation for holidays (International law in documents, with. 310).

Pact article 8 in detail enough has provided the right of everyone to have the trade-union rights and protection, including the right to strikes. Thus in item 3 of this article it is underlined that nothing the ILO of 1948 about freedom of associations and protection of the right to the organisation grants the rights to the state-participants of the Convention to accept the legislation to the detriment of guarantees of this convention.

Rather new field of activity the ILO is its Program in the field of perfection of management methods by the enterprises and labour productivity increases, and also employment regulation. The ultimate goal of the Program the ILO on management of the enterprises -- to promote development in heads of the enterprises of wider approach to the duties on training of the personnel and other aspects of increase of labour productivity, mastering by heads of technics of management by the modern enterprises, methods of management control and to development of progressive sights at mutual relations between administration and workers. Practical work of experts the ILO on such training, and especially supervising personnel, to safety precautions regulations and a factory hygiene has great value.

The primary goals the ILO according to its charter:

-- Working out of the co-ordinated policy and the programs directed on the decision of social problems;

-- Working out and acceptance of international-labour norms for realisation of the accepted policy;

-- The help to member countries the ILO in the decision of problems of employment and unemployment reduction;

-- Protection of labour human rights, improvement of conditions, labour safeties, mutual relations of workers with administration working out of measures on special protection in work and employment of the poorly socially protected groups of the population.

By 2001 the ILO has accepted more than 182 conventions and 190 recommendations (in Russia operate less these 1/3 of conventions). Conventions the ILO for the country, to them joined by their ratification, are obligatory for execution. The ILO supervises it. Recommendations the ILO are not subject to ratification, but their value that they often in detail explain conventions, supplement them, and recommendations the ILO on the questions which have been not provided by conventions, help with perfection of the national labour legislation. Many recommendations simply duplicate conventions, helping those countries which have not joined corresponding convention.

The basic labour human rights were, as it was specified, are fixed by United Nations certificates. These labour rights concretise certificates the ILO, for example, about a forced labour interdiction -- the Convention №29 (1936) and the Convention № 105 (1957). In the convention № 29 it is developed the concept of forced labour, of the Convention № 105 is given measures on forced labour elimination, including its interdiction as a summary punishment measure are expanded.

Considerable quantity of certificates the ILO concretises positions of certificates of the United Nations about equality in work and a discrimination interdiction in work and employment (the Convention № 100, 111 and 117, etc.).

General provisions on employment of the Pact of the United Nations of 1966 and in particular about achievement by the state-participants of full productive employment, are concretised in a number of conventions and the recommendations the ILO concerning mainly to protection against unemployment of poorly protected groups of the population (invalids, women, youth, elderly, workers-migrants) or to certain branches (to agriculture, fishery, etc.). So, the Convention № 122 “About the politician in the field of employment” (1964) proclaims the active policy of the states in assistance of the full productive and freely selected employment of able-bodied population.

In a number of certificates the ILO criteria of a wrongful dismissal are established and protection against them is provided. So, the Convention № 158 provides that dismissal is possible only in the presence of the lawful bases connected with abilities or behaviour of the worker or a recognition of manufacture by the bankrupt.

The convention the ILO № 47 “About reduction of working hours till forty o'clock in a week” in 1935 has established the international standard of working week -- 40 hours as normal working hours. This standard some developed countries, for example, Fraction, under the national legislation have reduced till 39 o'clock in working week, and now it has passed for 35-hour working week. Overtime works according to certificates the ILO (the Recommendation № 116) are supposed only in certain cases and limits and are subject to additional payment.

Annual holidays paid for average earnings are established by Conventions the ILO №52 (1936) and № 132 (1970) according to which such holiday is given not less than three working weeks for every year works. In the experience on holiday it is set off both illness, and holiday on pregnancy and sorts. The convention № 14 “About weekly rest at the industrial enterprises” (1921) has established the weekly days off.

Concerning wages the ILO has accepted a number of conventions and recommendations, basically they concern establishments of the state minimum of the salary (the Convention № 131 1970), equal payment for equivalent work of the man and the woman (the Convention № 100 1951), wages protection (the Convention № 95 1949), obliging the states to provide regular payment of wages).

Especially the ILO concerning a labour safety (the safety precautions and a factory hygiene), in particular about an interdiction of use of some harmful substances (white phosphorus, benzene, etc.) in manufacture, about a labour safety of children and teenagers, the minimum age of their admission to separate kinds of work, about an interdiction of use of their work and women on underground works, about physical examination of children and teenagers for finding-out of their suitability to work in the industry is a lot of conventions and recommendations.

Recommendations № 130 are devoted an order of consideration of individual labour disputes.

Wide circulation practice of hiring and employment of seamen through intermediary (круинговые) has received the organisations.

Ratified convention No 179 about hiring and employment of seamen establishes concrete requirements to activity of such organisations (in the Convention - hiring and employment services).

In particular the Convention defines concept of competent body which means the minister, the appointed official, the governmental department or other authority, authorised to publish statutory acts, orders or the instructions having a binding force concerning hiring and employment of seamen.

By the convention it is established that the state defines conditions at which delivery of licences, certificates or similar permissions to hiring and employment service can stop or be cancelled in case of infringement of the corresponding legislation.

By the convention it is established that the competent body demands from services of hiring and employment of acceptance of the measures providing presence of means at the employer for protection of seamen from danger to appear left in difficult situation in foreign port.

The convention defines, that the competent body has created the protection mechanism, in the form of insurance or in other equivalent form, for indemnification to seamen of a monetary damage which they can incur because of default by service of hiring and employment of the obligations to them.

Identification cards of the seaman

In connection with the measures accepted on struggle against terrorism and for the purpose of increase of level of identification of the person of the seaman, Convention No 185 about identification cards of seamen is accepted.

The convention provides introduction by the states of identification cards of the seamen containing the biometric information on their owners. The certificate has the independent status and is not the passport.

Supervision and the control

By convention No147 on the minimum norms in a merchant marine fleet it is established that each Member of the Organization ratifying the present Convention, undertakes to carry out effective jurisdiction or the control over the courts registered in its territory, in the relation:

- Norms of safety, including norms concerning qualification, durations of working hours and crew completion;

- Social insurance measures;

- Working conditions and living conditions onboard a vessel.

The convention demands from the state to check by inspection that the vessels registered in its territory, answer the ratified international conventions on work, laws and rules, collective agreements.

Considering width of sphere of the control, Convention positions provide presence of "the central co-ordinating body» which should establish principles and a quality monitoring. It bears responsibility for the organisation of check of working conditions and a life of seamen on courts of the state of a flag.

Berbout-charter-party

By convention No147 on the minimum norms in a merchant marine fleet it is established that the flag state undertakes to carry out effective jurisdiction or the control over the courts registered in its territory, concerning working conditions and living conditions onboard a vessel.

The system decision of this question will demand the good analysis and preparation of offers on change of the national legislation.

The statistical reporting

Convention No134 on accident prevention covers the accidents occurred to the seaman in an operating time or connected with it. Competent bodies should take measures for that maintenance that the detailed statistical account and the analysis of the data about such accidents was carried out.

Feature of this account consists that along with the account of number, character, the reasons and consequences of accidents it is necessary to divide them on services onboard a vessel, for example: deck, machine, economic, and with instructions of a site of a vessel, for example: in the sea or in port.

Besides, the Convention demands, that competent authorities organised on the basis of this statistics working out of programs on accident prevention not only on each vessel, but also at federal level.

Sanitary rules and norms

Convention No 92 about premises for crew onboard courts establishes the requirements connected with construction, re-equipment and repair of courts.

On the statement the drawing of this vessel with instructions of placing and the general device of premises for crew is represented to competent authority.

Prior to the beginning of construction of premises for crew and before reorganisation or reconstruction of such premises on existing courts to competent authority detailed drawings and data concerning premises, arrangements of each space, placing of furniture and the equipment, an arrangement of ventilation, illumination and heating and sanitary devices are submitted for approval.

The convention demands, that in each case of changes of a premise for vessel or complaint crew from outside trade unions the competent authority examined a vessel and was convinced that premises for crew correspond to legislation requirements.

However, it is necessary to notice that operating sanitary rules for sea-crafts morally have become outdated. So in Convention No 133, on premises for crew onboard the courts, supplementing Convention No 92, additional requirements on metric area of premises and cabins for the personnel of courts, to metric area of dining rooms and acquisition by their refrigerators and other household appliances, metric area, quantity and equipment of premises for rest contain.

In connection with the above-stated, it is necessary to process corresponding sanitary rules and requirements under safety precautions for sea-crafts, and to issue them in the form of technical regulations.

Safety regulation at the international level

Trading navigation is one of the most adjustable branches and was one of the first branches which have applied the international standards in sphere of safety.

Recommendations about safety of navigation are developed at world level. As navigation is the international branch, it is necessary, that it was exposed to uniform regulation on such questions, as vessel construction standards, navigating rules, standards of qualification of crews.

The navigable branch is regulated first of all by the International sea organisation (IMO) which is in London and is the branch of the United Nations responsible for safety of a life in the sea and protection of a sea environment. The International Labour Organization (ILO) also is responsible for working out of labour standards for seamen worldwide.

IMO has accepted the universal concept of detailed technical rules in the form of the international diplomatic conventions which regulate safety of courts and protection of the sea environment. The governments of the countries which consist in IMO, should instal these international rules and make sure that the vessels registered under their flags observe these rules.

The main responsibility for introduction of rules IMO concerning safety of navigation and protection of the sea environment lies on the flag states (i.e. the countries in which trading vessels are registered, they can differ from the countries to which vessels actually belong).

he basic documents regulating sea safety

Further the basic international navigable conventions accepted IMOи ILO which concern safety and pollution prevention are listed.

Conventions which concern vessel activity

SOLAS (the International convention on safety of a life in the sea, 1974) lists the list of necessary minimum standards for a safe vessel construction, the capital equipment for safety (protection against a fire, navigation, saving means and radio) which are necessary onboard. This convention also demands regular checks of a vessel and release by the states of a flag of certificates of conformity.

MARPOL (the International convention on prevention of pollution from courts, 1973/1978) contains requirements on prevention of pollution which can be entailed accidents and daily activity of a vessel.

COLREG (the Convention by the international rules on prevention of collisions in the sea, 1972) describes "traffic regulation", such as the right of pass and action on prevention of collisions.

LOADLINE (the International convention on cargo waterlines, 1966) describes is minimum admissible surface board, according to a season of year and trading ways of a vessel.

ISPS (the International code of safety of a vessel and port, 2002) includes necessary requirements on safety of courts and the port equipment.

Conventions which concern activity of the navigable company

ISM (the International code by safe management, 1993) demands from the navigable companies presence of the licence for work. The companies and their vessels should pass regular checks to be convinced that the safety system exists, including sufficient procedures and communication between a vessel and its management ashore.

Conventions which works of seamen concern

STCW (the International convention under standards of training, certification and execution of watch for seamen, 1978/1995) establishes uniform standards of knowledge for seamen.

ILO 147 (the Convention on trading navigation ILO, 1976) demands from the government of the countries of presence of the effective legislation concerning work, such as business hours, the medical validity and operating conditions for seamen. It has been replaced by convention MLC 2006 (the Convention on sea work ILO, 2006).

The convention on work in sea navigation

From February, 7 till February, 23rd, 2006 in Geneva there has passed 94th (sea) session of the International conference of work. On it the Convention on work in sea navigation which inherently was summary has been accepted and should become the uniform co-ordinated certificate regulating work of seamen.

The Convention purpose - to unite in one international contract all newest standards on work on the sea, containing in a number of conventions and recommendations of the International organisation of work. The convention reconsiders 36 international contracts operating now and unifies their norms for the purpose of assistance to creation of worthy working conditions of seamen.

The summary Convention replaces almost all earlier existing sea conventions and the recommendations accepted by the International conference of work since 1920, and allows to harmonise positions of the national labour right of the different countries. It is important first of all for the transport organisations, and first of all - for sea navigation. With the advent of the international labour market of seamen when they can be employed on the ships under any flag, sea navigation has turned to the first-ever originally global branch. It to the full concerns also our country because the significant amount of the Russian seamen floats on courts under flags of other states.

Roland Ajvz (RolandIves), the manager on a problem of the human factor and external relations the ILO in Lloyd's Register, spoke about that huge work which expects the organisation, such as Lloyd's Register, which states name «the responsible organisations». As he said, estimation has shown that inspection the ILO on the bulk ship with crew from 30 persons can be tightened at 9-12 o'clock.

By its calculations, check are subject to 69 thousand courts worldwide, and more than 50 % of these inspections will spend the responsible organisations. As the responsible organisation, LLOYD'S REGISTER should protect powers of the state port control, the shipowners consisting in the Register, and the most important - to achieve conformity to norms and convention rules. The convention purpose - the decision of questions, such as the weariness reasons, industrial traumas, living conditions and work, preservation of crews and круинг

The convention has been proclaimed by the Bill about the Rights of seamen and «the fourth pillar» legislations of sea navigation along with conventions Solas, STCW and Marpol. It consists of five parts where following questions are considered:

* minimal requirements to seamen onboard a vessel;

* terms of employment;

* premises, conditions for rest, service and a food;

* health protection and social security, medical and consumer services;

* performance of requirements and monitoring behind performance

After a meeting of ministers in the beginning of June, 2006 the European ministerial council of transport has made decision to resolve to member states to ratify the convention, and on the basis of the decision of member state are invited to ratify it till the end of 2010 ». It means that member states will enter the convention directly through national legislature, instead of through the convention statement through Eurocommission instructions. Though the ILO has not established any special dates of carrying out of the convention in a life when it has accepted the convention in 2006, the requirement about its ratification by 30th member states, representing 33 % of world fleet before it will come into force is exposed.

The convention is applied (except for cases when other directly is not provided) to all courts which are in the state or private possession which are engaged in commercial sea navigation, behind an exception: the courts occupied with a fish or similar craft, and courts of traditional construction, such, as flat-bottomed boats and jonks. Convention requirements do not extend on the military and military-auxiliary ships.

The convention includes three various, but the interconnected element: Articles, Rules and the Code. In Articles and Rules the major rights and principles, and also the basic obligations of the states ratifying the Convention are listed. They can change only General conference of the International organisation of work. The code details the requirements, concerning performance of Rules. Rules and the Code are grouped in five sections.

The section I («Minimal requirements concerning work of seamen onboard a vessel») establishes the minimum norms which should be observed before seamen will start to work onboard. Seamen should be more senior the minimum age, have the health certificate certifying their suitability on a state of health to performance of the official duties, and also to have appropriate preparation and qualification. Besides, seamen should have access to effective and accurately adjustable system of a set and employment.

The section II («employment Conditions») regulates conditions of signing of the labour contract; questions of wages, duration of working hours and time of rest, annual holiday, repatriation, indemnification to seamen in case of loss or flooding of a vessel, completion of courts by crews, development of career, improvement of professional skill and possibilities for employment of seamen.

The section III («Premises, conditions for rest, a food and table service») contains the norms shown together, concerning premises for crew, questions of a food and table service. Besides, here the requirements, concerning preventions of influence of noise and vibration in industrial and residential zones are fixed.

Section IV («Health protection, health services, social service and protection in the field of social security») regulates questions of health services onboard a vessel and on coast, health protection, safety and accident preventions, access of seamen to coastal objects of social appointment, social security. Among other requirements responsibility of ship-owners for health protection and health services of seamen here is established.

The section V («Observance and performance maintenance») defines duties of the states ratifying the Convention. The section contains three key rules. The rule the first defines responsibility of the state for Convention performance on the courts floating under its flag, including an establishment of effective system of inspection and survey. The rule the second defines measures of the state port control over foreign courts in the ports. The rule the third defines duties of the states on a set and employment of seamen, and also in the field of social security of seamen which are its citizens or have a constant residence in its territory.

In comparison with the previous conventions new addition of system of survey in inspection system, increase in number of the bases for detention of foreign courts in ports and the registered procedure of consideration of complaints of seamen here is.

Essentially new in the Convention of 2006 unlike the previous sea Conventions the ILO is that:

- For the first time necessity of presence onboard a vessel of the certificate on conformity and the declaration on observance of labour norms in sea navigation that is primary acknowledgement of that a working condition and a life is proclaimed, the organisation of works on a vessel on a labour safety and performance of the labour legislation correspond or are equivalent to the Convention the ILO;

- Coming into force of the given Convention has the features which are stated in article VIII where it is told in the subparagraph «3. The present Convention comes into force in 12 months after document registration date about ratification not less than 30 member states, the general share of which gross tonnage of a merchant marine fleet makes 33 percent».

According to plan the ILO the Convention will be ratified by necessary number of participants in 2011. The European Parliament in the Instruction has urged the members to ratify the Convention in 2010.

As of May, 1st, 2009 the Convention is already ratified by five states (Liberia, the Bahamas, Marshall Islands, Panama, Norway), 40 % of world fleet possessing more. It allows to draw a conclusion that the Convention can become obligatory in 2011.

At creation of the given Convention started with basic principles and the rights in work sphere; that understanding that seamen require special protection; also took into consideration the international norms concerning safety of courts, their crews and passengers; and also aspired to that this document has been made so that in the greatest possible degree to provide its wide acceptability for the governments, ship-owners and the seamen adhering to principles of worthy work that it easily gave in to updating and that it it was possible to apply and provide its performance effectively.

In the Convention it is underlined, each seaman has the right on:

Workplace which should correspond to norms of safety;

Fair conditions of employment;

Worthy working conditions and lives onboard a vessel;

Health protection, health services, social service and other forms of social protection.

In this connection, each state-participant of the Convention should provide full realisation of the labour and social rights of the seamen specified in the given Convention.

Therefore each state ratifying the Convention, should bring the legislation into accord with it. Also it is obliged to create system of maintenance of observance of requirements of the given Convention, including regular checks, representation of reports, monitoring and legal procedures according to the applicable legislation.

It proves to be true the Certificate on conformity to labour norms in sea navigation and the Declaration on observance of labour norms in sea navigation which would correspond to the analyzed Convention.

If the vessel floats under the flag of the state which ratified the Convention it can be at any moment to be subjected inspection not only the flag state, but also other member state ratifying the Convention, at the moment of a vessel finding in one of ports, for the purpose of definition, whether are observed on this vessel of the requirement of the Convention.

For the analysis of actions of the given Convention Administrative Advice the ILO creates special committee which is allocated with powers of consideration of labour norms in sea navigation.

The committee includes on two representatives from each member state Conventions, and also representatives of ship-owners and the seamen, appointed Administrative council after consultations of the Parity sea commission.

Those states which yet did not ratify the Convention, can take part in committee work, but have no right to vote on one of questions.

Requirements to work of the seamen, provided in the present Convention

* Restrictions on the maximum age the Convention does not establish the Minimum age which makes 16 years,

* Work seamen by whom 18 years were not executed yet Is forbidden at night,

* If work can threaten health or safety of the seaman it is forbidden to involve in it of persons, 18 years are younger,

* Seamen are not supposed to work onboard a vessel without physical examination,

* The seamen who have done not pass vocational training are not supposed to work or have not received the diploma (certificate), certifying their competence, or otherwise not confirmed the qualification allowing them to carry out the duties.

* The Services which are engaged in employment of seamen and selection of the personnel, should correspond the requirements, shown to them the analyzed Convention.

* If there are the private organisations which are engaged in employment of seamen and selection of the personnel they should take place without fail licensing or certifications, according to requirements of the Convention and the local legislation.

* Thus the Convention enters an interdiction for payment in full or in part commission or other costs for employment and employment, or for workplace granting, except for expenses which the seaman bears in connection with reception of the health certificate provided by the national legislation, national book of the seaman and passport or other similar personal travel papers (expenses on payment of visas the ship-owner bears),

* Employment Services should conduct without fail and constantly update the list of all seamen, employment and which employment have been provided by them, this list should be accessible to competent body to check (the list should contain: the data about qualification of seamen; the data about the work experience; the personal data, concerning works on hiring; the medical data concerning work on hiring);

At contract signing it is necessary to trace, that seamen have attentively familiarised with the labour contract and understood the rights and duties; that the given labour contracts corresponded to the legislation and the Convention,

Whether * Services on employment should in process of forces and possibilities to check possesses the ship-owner means for maintenance of protection of seamen from danger to appear without means of support in foreign port;

* Also services on employment should trace obligatory insurance or other equivalent form with a view of indemnification to seamen of a monetary damage which they can incur as a result of default by service of hiring and employment of the obligations to seamen or the corresponding ship-owner of the obligations to seamen according to the labour contract.

* Behind all services of hiring strict supervision is established. All licences or certificates, or similar forms of the permission to realisation of activity of services on employment are given or renew only after check of that the corresponding service of hiring and employment of seamen meets the requirements national of the legislation and standard legal certificates.

* Also specially appointed competent body should have possibility for investigation, in case of need, the complaints, services of hiring concerning to activity and employment of seamen, with attraction, depending on circumstances, representatives of ship-owners and seamen,

The state ratifying the Convention, should provide possibility to the citizens to familiarise with the possible problems, connected with employment on a vessel floating under the flag of the state which did not ratify the present Convention while it will not be convinced that the norms equivalent to what are established in the present Convention are applied.

The service of a set and employment of seamen, should cover following questions:

1) Physical examination of seamen,

2) Maintenance and conducting the list of seamen,

3) Maintenance and updating of the list of courts for which seamen steal up,

4) The prevention of possible operation of seamen,

5) The exhaustive list of expenses which are probable for employment of seamen,

6) Creation of system of informing of seamen about a possible place of work and about given conditions,

7) The mechanism of check of the documents given at employment,

8) Maintenance of check of documents and regulations onboard a vessel where employ seamen.

Thus member states Conventions should communicate regularly about sea branch as a whole and about a labour market, in particular, about development of the sea labour legislation to co-ordinate a policy and the legislation in the field of hiring and the labour legislation.

The labour contract of the seaman should contain:

1) A surname, a name and a patronymic of the seaman, date of its birth or age and a place of its birth;

2) A name and the address of the ship-owner;

3) A place and date of a conclusion of employment agreement of the seaman;

4) A post on which the seaman is employed;

5) The size of wages of the seaman or, there, where it is applicable, - the formula used for its calculation;

6) The size of payment of annual holiday or, there, where it is applicable, - the formula used for its calculation;

7) Term and conditions of cancellation of the contract, including:

* If the contract is concluded without day - the conditions giving

* The right of any of the parties to terminate it, and also term for the notice about

* Cancellation provided that such term will not be shorter for

* The ship-owner, than for the seaman;

* If the contract is concluded for certain term - exact date

* The contract expiry of the term; and

* If the contract is concluded on one flight - port of destination and

* Time which should expire after the arrival in port, before the seaman

* Can be written off from a vessel;

* Health services and social security benefits,

* Given to the seaman the ship-owner;

* The right of the seaman to repatriation;

* The reference to the collective agreement if it is applicable;

* Any other data demanded according to the national legislation.

Conclusion

Thus, summing up the analysis of the international legislation, it is possible to draw a conclusion that the main value of the summary Convention that is the uniform certificate containing all norms in the field of sociolabor relations in sea navigation. It represents the accurate and universal collection of the rights and duties on labour and to social problems for all sea sector. Thus the Convention supposes certain flexibility at national level concerning concrete methods of realisation of the rights of seamen.

The requirement of obligatory observance of technical standards and aggravation of the international competition have led to that working conditions of seamen became the basic point of comparative advantage to the majority of the navigable companies.

The summary Convention covers all spectrum of the sociolabor relations inherent in sea navigation. She establishes requirements to age, a state of health and vocational training of the seaman, to its qualification, to set and employment system, to the basic conditions of employment (a wages, holiday, repatriation), to conditions of the industrial environment, to premises and conditions for rest onboard a vessel, to a food, to table, medical and social service, to social security.

In the Convention mechanisms of the control of observance and maintenance of its performance with the state of a flag of a vessel and the state of port within the limits of procedures of the port control are defined.

The unique minus which can be found now is a correlation of the given Convention with the national legislation. But as it will occur, practice will show only.

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